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Stergios Stergiopoulos

Advanced Signal Processing Handbook

1

Signal Processing Concept Similarities among Sonar, Radar,

and Medical Imaging Systems

Stergios Stergiopoulos

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview of a Real-Time System

1.3 Signal Processor

1.4 Data Manager and Display Sub-System

SECTION I General Topics on Signal Processing

2

Adaptive Systems for Signal Process

Simon Haykin

2.1 The Filtering Problem

2.2 Adaptive Filters

2.3 Linear Filter Structures

2.4 Approaches to the Development of Linear

Adaptive Filtering Algorithms

2.5 Real and Complex Forms of Adaptive Filters

2.6 Nonlinear Adaptive Systems: Neural Networks

2.7 Applications

2.8 Concluding Remarks

3

Gaussian Mixtures and Their Applications to Signal Processing

Kostantinos N. Plataniotis and Dimitris Hatzinakos

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Mathematical Aspects of Gaussian Mixtures

3.3 Methodologies for Mixture Parameter Estimation

3.4 Computer Generation of Mixture Variables

3.5 Mixture Applications

3.6 Concluding Remarks

4

Matched Field Processing — A Blind System Identification Technique

N. Ross Chapman, Reza M. Dizaji, and R. Lynn Kirlin

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Blind System Identification

4.3 Cross-Relation Matched Field Processor

4.4 Time-Frequency Matched Field Processor

4.5 Higher Order Matched Field Processors

4.6 Simulation and Experimental Examples

5

Model-Based Ocean Acoustic Signal Processing

James V. Candy and Edmund J. Sullivan

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Model-Based Processing

5.3 State-Space Ocean Acoustic Forward Propagators

5.4 Ocean Acoustic Model-Based Processing Applications

5.5 Summary

6

Advanced Beamformers

Stergios Stergiopoulos

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Background

6.3 Theoretical Remarks

6.4 Optimum Estimators for Array Signal Processing

6.5 Advanced Beamformers

6.6 Implementation Considerations

6.7 Concept Demonstration: Simulations and Experimental Results

6.8 Conclusion

7

Advanced Applications of Volume Visualization Methods in Medicine

Georgios Sakas, Grigorios Karangelis, and Andreas Pommert

7.1 Volume Visualization Principles

7.2 Applications to Medical Data

Appendix Principles of Image Processing: Pixel Brightness Transformations,

Image Filtering and Image Restoration

8

Target Tracking

Wolfgang Koch

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Discussion of the Problem

8.3 Statistical Models

8.4 Bayesian Track Maintenance

8.5 Suboptimal Realization

8.6 Selected Applications

9

Target Motion Analysis (TMA)

Klaus Becker

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Features of the TMA Problem

9.3 Solution of the TMA Problem

9.4 Conclusion

SECTION II Sonar and Radar System Applications

10

Sonar Systems

G. Clifford Carter, Sanjay K. Mehta, and Bernard E. McTaggart

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Underwater Propagation

10.3 Underwater Sound Systems: Components and Processes

10.4 Signal Processing Functions

10.5 Advanced Signal Processing

10.6 Application

11

Theory and Implementation of Advanced Signal Processing for Active

and Passive Sonar Systems

Stergios Stergiopoulos and Geoffrey Edelson

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Theoretical Remarks

11.3 Real Results from Experimental Sonar Systems

11.4 Conclusion

12 Phased Array Radars Nikolaos Uzunoglu

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fundamental Theory of Phased Arrays

12.3 Analysis and Design of Phased Arrays

12.4 Array Architectures

12.5 Conclusion

SECTION III Medical Imaging System Applications

13 Medical Ultrasonic Imaging Systems John M. Reid

13.1 Introduction

13.2 System Fundamentals

13.3 Tissue Properties’ Influence on System Design

13.4 Imaging Systems

13.5 Conclusion

14 Basic Principles and Applications of 3-D Ultrasound Imaging

Aaron Fenster and Donal B. Downey

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Limitations of Ultrasonography Addressed by 3-D Imaging

14.3 Scanning Techniques for 3-D Ultrasonography

14.4 Reconstruction of the 3-D Ultrasound Images

14.5 Sources of Distortion in 3-D Ultrasound Imaging

14.6 Viewing of 3-D Ultrasound Images

14.7 3-D Ultrasound System Performance

14.8 Use of 3-D Ultrasound in Brachytherapy

14.9 Trends and Future Developments

15 Industrial Computed Tomographic Imaging

Harry E. Martz, Jr. and Daniel J. Schneberk

15.1 Introduction

15.2 CT Theory and Fundamentals

15.3 Selected Applications

15.4 Summary

15.5 Future Work

16 Organ Motion Effects in Medical CT Imaging Applications

Ian Cunningham, Stergios Stergiopoulos, and Amar Dhanantwari

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Motion Artifacts in CT

16.3 Reducing Motion Artifacts

16.4 Reducing Motion Artifacts by Signal Processing — A Synthetic Aperture Approach

16.5 Conclusions

17 Magnetic Resonance Tomography — Imaging with a Nonlinear System

Arnulf Oppelt

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Basic NMR Phenomena

17.3 Relaxation

17.4 NMR Signal

17.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio

17.6 Image Generation and Reconstruction

17.7 Selective Excitation

17.8 Pulse Sequences

17.9 Influence of Motion

17.10 Correction of Motion During Image Series

17.11 Imaging of Flow

17.12 MR Spectroscopy

17.13 System Design Considerations and Conclusions

17.14 Conclusion

18 Functional Imaging of Tissues by Kinetic Modeling of Contrast Agents in MRI

Frank S. Prato, Charles A. McKenzie, Rebecca E. Thornhill, and Gerald R. Moran

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Contrast Agent Kinetic Modeling

18.3 Measurement of Contrast Agent Concentration

18.4 Application of T1 Farm to Bolus Tracking

18.5 Summary

19 Medical Image Registration and Fusion Techniques: A Review

George K. Matsopoulos, Konstantinos K. Delibasis, and Nikolaos A. Mouravliansky

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Medical Image Registration

19.3 Medical Image Fusion

19.4 Conclusions

20 The Role of Imaging in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning

Dimos Baltas, Natasa Milickovic, Christos Kolotas, and Nikolaos Zamboglou

20.1 Introduction

20.2 The Role of Imaging in the External Beam Treatment Planning

20.3 Introduction to Imaging Based Brachytherapy

20.4 Conclusion